Celebrating Earth Hour 2016 in Our Property !!

What is Earth Hour?

Earth hour is a worldwide grassroots movement uniting people to protect the planet and is organized by WWF. Engaging a massive mainstream community on a broad range of environmental issues. Earth hour was famously started as a lights-off event in Sydney, Australia in 2007. Since then it has grown to engage more than 7000 cities and towns worldwide, and the one-hour event continues to remain the key driver of the now larger movement.

What does Earth Hour aim to achieve?

Earth hour aims to encourage an interconnected global community to share the opportunities and challenges of creating a sustainable world.

Why is Earth Hour the event held in late March?

The second-to-last and weekend of march is around the time of the Spring and Autumn equinoxes in the northern and southern and southern hemispheres respectively, which allows for near coincidental sunset times in both hemispheres, thereby ensuring the greatest visual impact for a global 'lights out' event. Earth hour 2016 held on Saturday 19 March between 8.30PM and 9.30PM in local time zone.

What does the meaning of Earth hour Logo of 60+?

The standard Earth hour '60+' logo represents 60 minutes of Earth Hour where we focus on the impact we are having on our planet and take positive action to address the environmental issues we face. For Earth Hour 2011 the '60+' logo was introduced representing a commitment to add to Earth Hour a positive act for the planet that goes beyond the hour. Take up the 'plus' and get involved with Earth Hour.

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Electrical Main Distribution Board (MDB)

Power distribution is a system, consisting of a Main Distribution Board (MDB), Sub Distribution Boards (SMDB) and Final Distribution Board (DB's), by which the electrical energy is transmitted via branches to reach the exact end user.

A MDB is a panel or enclosure that houses the fuses, circuit breakers and ground leakage protection units where the electrical energy, which is used to distribute electrical power to numerous individual circuits or consumer points, is taken in from the transformer or an upstream panel. A MDB typically has a single or multiple incoming power sources and includes Main circuit breakers and residual current or earth leakage protection devices. A MDB is comprised of a free standing enclosure, a bus bar system, MCCB's, metering and support equipment and required current transformers. Panels are assembled in a systematic manner such as incomer section and outgoing section.

Key features of Main Distribution Boards:

• Fully type tested assemblies as per IEC 61439-1

• Rated up to 6000A

• Rated operating voltage up to 690V

• Manufactured to Form 2, Form 3 & Form 4 construction

• Type tested for 85kA/1 Sec, 50kA/3 Sec

• Designed for both withdraw-able & fixed versions

• Ample cabling space for easy connections

• Top and bottom cable entry

• Panels for front or rear access to suit application

• Index of protection: IP 31 & IP 54

• Floor mounting

• Maximum safety & reliability

• Modular system with customized design to meet end user requirements.

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Types of power distribution !!

There are broadly two form in which electricity can be generated, Direct Current and Alternating Current.

Direct Current: Direct current is the type of electricity supplied by a battery. One terminal is positively charged, the other negatively charged and electricity flows from one to the other, always in the same direction. However, while it is simple to make and control, DC does not travel well over long distances; it gets used up by the resistance in the transmission lines and is gone before it gets to where it is needed.

Alternating Current: Alternating current is also has a positive and a negative terminal but the polarity and the direction of flow alternates many times per second. Electricity alternates polarity 120 times per second or 60 full cycles per second. in America. i.e. 60 Hz AC can travel well over long distances but in the Asia, alternates polarity will be 220 times per second, or 50 full cycles per second, i. e. 50/60 Hz AC can travel well over the long distance, so it the choice for power distribution lines.

There is no difference between Amps or Volts between AC and DC. Some devices can only operate on one type of system or the other, but otherwise a volt is a volt.

Power is usually generated at a distance from where it is used. It is supplied as 3-Phase power at very high voltages. This allows many kilowatts to flow through fairly small conductors because amperage is effectively small. There are 3 hots, each 120/220 degrees out of phase with the next when their sine waves are plotted against each other, hence the term '3 phase'. There is no neutral. This configuration is called Delta, and is the same type use to run 3 phase motors.

The power level is brought down through a series of substations. At each step transformers reduce the voltage and increase the amperage until it reaches the line transformers outside the building. At that point, the Delta service is converted to a Wye service and is brought into the building at the 'service entrance'.

The Wye service has the same three hot legs, plus an electrical neutral created at the transformer. By this time in either Wye or Delta, the line voltage has been brought down to where each hot terminal is 120/220 Volts above earth potential, called 'ground' and in the case of a Wye service, each hot is also 120/220 V above the Neutral as well. However, due to the geometry of the hot phases, there is a difference of between any two hots in either type of 3 phase system.

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Knowledge of basic electricity !!

Electricity is the flow of electrons from the one place to another. Electrons can flow through any materials, but does so more easily in some than in others. How easily it flows is called resistance. The resistance of a material is measured in Ohms.

Matter can be broken down into:

Conductors: electrons flow easily. (Low resistance)Semi-conductors: electron can be made to flow under certain circumstances. (Variable resistance according to formulation and circuit condition.)Insulator: electrons flow with great difficulty. (High resistance) 

Since electrons are very small, as a practical matter they are usually measured in very large numbers. A Coulomb is 6.24 x 10¹⁸ electrons. However, electricians are mostly interested in electrons in motion. The flow of electrons is called current, and is measured in Amps. One amp is equal to a flow of one coulomb per second through a wire.

Making electrons flow through a resistance requires an attractive force to pull them. This force, called Electro-Motive Force or EMF, is measured in volts. A volt is the force required to push 1 Amp through 1 Ohm of resistance.

As electrons flow through a resistance, it performs a certain amount of work. It may be in the form of heat or magnetic field or motion, but it does something. This work is called Power and is measured in Watts. One Watt is equal to the work performed by 1 Amp pushed by 1 Volt through a resistance.

Remember this:

Amps is amount of electricity.
Volts is the push, not the amount.
Ohms slows the flow.
Watts is how much gets done.

There are two standard formula that describe these relationship:

Ohm's Law:

R = Resistance (Ohms)
E = Electro-motive Force (Volts)
I = Intensity of Current (Amps)

R = E/I

To express work done: Power formula (PIE Law):

P = Power (Watts)
I = Intensity of Current (Amps)
E = Electro-motive Force (Volts)

P = IE

This law is often restated in the units of measure as the West Virginia Law.

W = VA

Watts = Volts x Amps

All this is important because all electrical equipment has a limit to how much electricity it can handle safely, and you must keep track of load and capacities to prevent failure, damage or a fire. For example, a lamp is rated at 1000 W 120 V. That means that at 120 volts it will use.

1000 W / 120 V = 8.33 A

A common shortcut is to use 100 V instead of 120. This makes calculating easier and builds in some head-space. So:

1000 W / 100 V = Approx. 10 A

A Simple Circuit:

The simplest circuit has a power source, like a battery or outlet, a wire running from the hot side to a load then a wire from the load back to the power source. There is also usually a switch to open or close the circuit. The load will function only when the circuit is closed or complete.

In more complex circuits where more than one load is connected, they may be either in series or in parallel. In a series, current must pass through one to get to the next. Voltage is divided between them. If one goes out, they all go out.

Look at the series circuit diagram:

In a parallel circuit, each load is electrically connected to the source at the same point, each gets the full voltage simultaneously. If one goes out, the rest stay lit.

Parallel circuit Diagram:

Most circuits are combinations of the two types. Circuit breakers and fuses are in series with the load, but multiple loads on a circuit are paralleled. Circuit breakers and fuses can be placed in the supply circuit before the plug, as in lighting circuits or between the plug and the load internally, as in most sound equipment or both.

Cable, Connectors and Circuits are all rated in amps according to the size.

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What is Electricity ??? Type of electricity !!

Definition:

A type of energy fueled by the transfer of electrons from positive and negative points within a conductor. Electricity is widely used for providing power to buildings, electric devices and even some automobiles. A number of individuals are responsible for the development of electricity, but the most notable one is Benjamin Franklin and his flying kite experiment. Franklin was able to determine that lightning was a form of electrical discharge. 

 Type of Electricity:

There are two type of electricity, 1. Static Electricity And 2. Current Electricity. Static electricity is made by rubbing together two or more objects and making friction while current electricity is the flow of electric charge across an electrical field.

1. Static Electricity:  Static electricity is when electrical charge build up on the surface of a material, it is usually caused by rubbing materials together. The result of a build-up of Static electricity is that objects may be attracted to each other or may even cause a spark to jump from one to the other. For example: rub a balloon on a wool and hold it up to the wall.

Before rubbing, like all materials, the balloons and the wool sweater have a neutral charge. This is because they each have an equal number of positively charged subatomic particles (protons) and negatively charge subatomic particles (electrons). When you rub the balloon with the wool sweater, electrons are transferred from the wool to the rubber because of differences in the attraction of the two materials for electrons. The balloon becomes negatively charged because it gains electrons form the wool. and the wool becomes positively charged because it loose electrons.

2. Current Electricity: Current is the rate of flow of electrons. it is produced by moving electrons and it is measured in amperes. Unlike Static electricity, current electricity must flow through a conductor usually copper wire. Current with electricity is just like current when you think of a river. The river flows from one spot to another, and the speed it moves is the speed of the current. With electricity, Current is a measure of the amount of energy transferred over a period of time. That energy is called a flow of electrons. One of the result of current is the heating of the conductor. When an electric stove heats up, it's because of the flow of current.

 
There are different sources of current electricity including the chemical reactions taking place in a battery. The most common source is the Generator. A simple Generator produces electricity when a coil of copper turns inside a magnetic field. In a power plant, electromagnets spinning inside many coils of copper wire generate vast quantities of current electricity. 

There are two main kinds of electric current. 1. Direct Current, (DC) and 2. Alternate Current, (AC). It's easy to remember, Direct Current is like the energy you get from the battery. Alternate Current is like the plugs in the wall. The big difference between the two is that DC is a flow of energy while AC can turn on and off. AC reverses the direction of the electrons.

 

 
 

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