Celebrating Earth Hour 2016 in Our Property !!

What is Earth Hour?

Earth hour is a worldwide grassroots movement uniting people to protect the planet and is organized by WWF. Engaging a massive mainstream community on a broad range of environmental issues. Earth hour was famously started as a lights-off event in Sydney, Australia in 2007. Since then it has grown to engage more than 7000 cities and towns worldwide, and the one-hour event continues to remain the key driver of the now larger movement.

What does Earth Hour aim to achieve?

Earth hour aims to encourage an interconnected global community to share the opportunities and challenges of creating a sustainable world.

Why is Earth Hour the event held in late March?

The second-to-last and weekend of march is around the time of the Spring and Autumn equinoxes in the northern and southern and southern hemispheres respectively, which allows for near coincidental sunset times in both hemispheres, thereby ensuring the greatest visual impact for a global 'lights out' event. Earth hour 2016 held on Saturday 19 March between 8.30PM and 9.30PM in local time zone.

What does the meaning of Earth hour Logo of 60+?

The standard Earth hour '60+' logo represents 60 minutes of Earth Hour where we focus on the impact we are having on our planet and take positive action to address the environmental issues we face. For Earth Hour 2011 the '60+' logo was introduced representing a commitment to add to Earth Hour a positive act for the planet that goes beyond the hour. Take up the 'plus' and get involved with Earth Hour.

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Electrical Main Distribution Board (MDB)

Power distribution is a system, consisting of a Main Distribution Board (MDB), Sub Distribution Boards (SMDB) and Final Distribution Board (DB's), by which the electrical energy is transmitted via branches to reach the exact end user.

A MDB is a panel or enclosure that houses the fuses, circuit breakers and ground leakage protection units where the electrical energy, which is used to distribute electrical power to numerous individual circuits or consumer points, is taken in from the transformer or an upstream panel. A MDB typically has a single or multiple incoming power sources and includes Main circuit breakers and residual current or earth leakage protection devices. A MDB is comprised of a free standing enclosure, a bus bar system, MCCB's, metering and support equipment and required current transformers. Panels are assembled in a systematic manner such as incomer section and outgoing section.

Key features of Main Distribution Boards:

• Fully type tested assemblies as per IEC 61439-1

• Rated up to 6000A

• Rated operating voltage up to 690V

• Manufactured to Form 2, Form 3 & Form 4 construction

• Type tested for 85kA/1 Sec, 50kA/3 Sec

• Designed for both withdraw-able & fixed versions

• Ample cabling space for easy connections

• Top and bottom cable entry

• Panels for front or rear access to suit application

• Index of protection: IP 31 & IP 54

• Floor mounting

• Maximum safety & reliability

• Modular system with customized design to meet end user requirements.

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Basic Plumbing System !

Plumbing is the system of pipes, drains, fittings, valves and fixtures installed for the distribution of potable water for drinking, heating and washing & waterborne waste removal. Plumbing also refers to a skilled trade which deals with installation and maintenance. The plumbing industry is a basic and substantial part of every developed economy. The word derives from Latin plumbum for lead, as the first effective pipes used in Roman era were lead pipes.

Plumbing often denotes the supply and waste system of an individual building, distinguishing it from water supply and sewage systems that serve a group of buildings.
The major categories of plumbing systems or subsystems are:

• Potable cold and hot tap water supply.
• Plumbing drainage venting.
• Sewage system and septic systems with or without hot water heat recycling and graywater recovery and treatment systems.
• Rainwater, surface and subsurface water drainage.
• Fuel, Gas piping.
• Hydronics i.e. heating and cooling systems utilizing water to transport thermal energy, as in district heating systems.

Materials:

Water systems of ancient times relied on gravity for the supply of water, using pipes or channels usually made of clay, lead bamboo,wood or stone. Hollowed wooden logs wrapped in steel banding were use for plumbing pipes, particularly water mains. Today, most plumbing supply pipe is made out of steel, copper and plastic; most waste (also known as 'soil') out of steel, copper, plastic and cast iron.

The straight sections of plumbing systems are called 'pipes' or 'tubes'. A pipe is typically formed via casting or welding, whereas a tube is made through extrusion. Pipe normally has thicker walls and may be threaded or welded, while tubing is thinner-walled and requires special joining techniques such as brazing, compression fitting, crimping or for plastics, solvent welding. 

Most using below materials for plumbing purpose:

Galvanized Steel Pipe
Copper Tubing Pipe
Plastic Pipe

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What is HVAC? How does AC work??

Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) equipment perform heating and cooling for residential, commercial or industrial buildings. The HVAC system may also be responsible for providing fresh outdoor air to dilute interior airborne contaminants such as odors from occupants, volatile organic compounds (VOC's) emitted from interior furnishings, chemicals used for cleaning, etc. A properly designed system will provide a comfortable indoor environment year round when properly maintained.

How Does AC Work??

An air conditioner cools and dehumidifies the air as is passes over a cold coil surface. The indoor coil is an air-to-liquid heat exchanger with rows of tubes that pass the liquid through the coil. Finned surfaces connected to these tubes increase the overall surface area of the cold surface thereby increasing the heat transfer characteristics between the air passing over the coil and liquid passing through the coil. The type of liquid used depends on the system selected. Direct-expansion (DX) equipment uses refrigerant as the liquid medium. Chilled water (CW) can also be used as a liquid medium. When the required temperature of a chilled water system is near the freezing point of water, freeze protection is added in the form of glycols or salts. Regardless of the liquid medium used, the liquid is delivered to the cooling coil at a cold temperature.

In the case of direct expansion equipment, the air passing over the indoor cooling coil heats the cold liquid refrigerant. Heating the refrigerant causes boiling and transforms the refrigerant from a cold liquid to a warm gas. This warm gas (or vapor) is pumped from the cooling coil to the compressor through a copper tube (suction line to the compressor) where the warm gas is compressed. In some cases, an accumulator is placed between the cooling coil and the compressor to capture unused liquid refrigerant and ensures that only vapor enters the compressor. The compression process increases the pressure of the refrigerant vapor and significantly increases the temperature of the vapor. The compressor pumps the vapor through another heat exchanger (outdoor condenser) where heat is rejected and the hot gas is condensed to a warm high pressure liquid. This warm high pressure liquid is pumped through a smaller copper tube (liquid line) to a filter (or filter/dryer) and then on to an expansion device where the high pressure liquid is reduced to a cold, low pressure liquid. The cold liquid enters the indoor cooling coil and the process repeats.

As this liquid passes through the indoor cooling coil on the inside of the heat exchanger, two things happen to the air that passes over the coil's surface on the outside of the heat exchanger. The air's temperature is lowered (sensible cooling) and moisture in the air is removed (latent cooling) if the indoor air dew point is higher than the temperature of the coil's surface. The total cooling (capacity) of an AC system is the sum of the sensible and latent cooling. Many factors influence the cooling capacity of a DX air conditioner. Total cooling is inversely proportional to the outdoor temperature. As the outdoor temperature increases the total capacity is reduced. Air flow over the indoor cooling coil also affects the coil's capacity and is directly proportional to the total capacity of an AC system. As air flow increases, the total capacity also increases. At higher air flow rates the latent capacity of the cooling coil is reduced. Indoor temperature and humidity also affect the total capacity of the AC system. As indoor temperature increase, the sensible capacity also increases. Similarly, as indoor relative humidity increases the latent capacity of the AC system increases. Manufacture of AC equipment typically provide a "performance map" of specific equipment to show how total, sensible and latent capacity change with changing indoor and outdoor temperatures and humidity. Power consumption and energy efficiency are also provided in these charts.

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Types of power distribution !!

There are broadly two form in which electricity can be generated, Direct Current and Alternating Current.

Direct Current: Direct current is the type of electricity supplied by a battery. One terminal is positively charged, the other negatively charged and electricity flows from one to the other, always in the same direction. However, while it is simple to make and control, DC does not travel well over long distances; it gets used up by the resistance in the transmission lines and is gone before it gets to where it is needed.

Alternating Current: Alternating current is also has a positive and a negative terminal but the polarity and the direction of flow alternates many times per second. Electricity alternates polarity 120 times per second or 60 full cycles per second. in America. i.e. 60 Hz AC can travel well over long distances but in the Asia, alternates polarity will be 220 times per second, or 50 full cycles per second, i. e. 50/60 Hz AC can travel well over the long distance, so it the choice for power distribution lines.

There is no difference between Amps or Volts between AC and DC. Some devices can only operate on one type of system or the other, but otherwise a volt is a volt.

Power is usually generated at a distance from where it is used. It is supplied as 3-Phase power at very high voltages. This allows many kilowatts to flow through fairly small conductors because amperage is effectively small. There are 3 hots, each 120/220 degrees out of phase with the next when their sine waves are plotted against each other, hence the term '3 phase'. There is no neutral. This configuration is called Delta, and is the same type use to run 3 phase motors.

The power level is brought down through a series of substations. At each step transformers reduce the voltage and increase the amperage until it reaches the line transformers outside the building. At that point, the Delta service is converted to a Wye service and is brought into the building at the 'service entrance'.

The Wye service has the same three hot legs, plus an electrical neutral created at the transformer. By this time in either Wye or Delta, the line voltage has been brought down to where each hot terminal is 120/220 Volts above earth potential, called 'ground' and in the case of a Wye service, each hot is also 120/220 V above the Neutral as well. However, due to the geometry of the hot phases, there is a difference of between any two hots in either type of 3 phase system.

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Knowledge of basic electricity !!

Electricity is the flow of electrons from the one place to another. Electrons can flow through any materials, but does so more easily in some than in others. How easily it flows is called resistance. The resistance of a material is measured in Ohms.

Matter can be broken down into:

Conductors: electrons flow easily. (Low resistance)Semi-conductors: electron can be made to flow under certain circumstances. (Variable resistance according to formulation and circuit condition.)Insulator: electrons flow with great difficulty. (High resistance) 

Since electrons are very small, as a practical matter they are usually measured in very large numbers. A Coulomb is 6.24 x 10¹⁸ electrons. However, electricians are mostly interested in electrons in motion. The flow of electrons is called current, and is measured in Amps. One amp is equal to a flow of one coulomb per second through a wire.

Making electrons flow through a resistance requires an attractive force to pull them. This force, called Electro-Motive Force or EMF, is measured in volts. A volt is the force required to push 1 Amp through 1 Ohm of resistance.

As electrons flow through a resistance, it performs a certain amount of work. It may be in the form of heat or magnetic field or motion, but it does something. This work is called Power and is measured in Watts. One Watt is equal to the work performed by 1 Amp pushed by 1 Volt through a resistance.

Remember this:

Amps is amount of electricity.
Volts is the push, not the amount.
Ohms slows the flow.
Watts is how much gets done.

There are two standard formula that describe these relationship:

Ohm's Law:

R = Resistance (Ohms)
E = Electro-motive Force (Volts)
I = Intensity of Current (Amps)

R = E/I

To express work done: Power formula (PIE Law):

P = Power (Watts)
I = Intensity of Current (Amps)
E = Electro-motive Force (Volts)

P = IE

This law is often restated in the units of measure as the West Virginia Law.

W = VA

Watts = Volts x Amps

All this is important because all electrical equipment has a limit to how much electricity it can handle safely, and you must keep track of load and capacities to prevent failure, damage or a fire. For example, a lamp is rated at 1000 W 120 V. That means that at 120 volts it will use.

1000 W / 120 V = 8.33 A

A common shortcut is to use 100 V instead of 120. This makes calculating easier and builds in some head-space. So:

1000 W / 100 V = Approx. 10 A

A Simple Circuit:

The simplest circuit has a power source, like a battery or outlet, a wire running from the hot side to a load then a wire from the load back to the power source. There is also usually a switch to open or close the circuit. The load will function only when the circuit is closed or complete.

In more complex circuits where more than one load is connected, they may be either in series or in parallel. In a series, current must pass through one to get to the next. Voltage is divided between them. If one goes out, they all go out.

Look at the series circuit diagram:

In a parallel circuit, each load is electrically connected to the source at the same point, each gets the full voltage simultaneously. If one goes out, the rest stay lit.

Parallel circuit Diagram:

Most circuits are combinations of the two types. Circuit breakers and fuses are in series with the load, but multiple loads on a circuit are paralleled. Circuit breakers and fuses can be placed in the supply circuit before the plug, as in lighting circuits or between the plug and the load internally, as in most sound equipment or both.

Cable, Connectors and Circuits are all rated in amps according to the size.

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What is Electricity ??? Type of electricity !!

Definition:

A type of energy fueled by the transfer of electrons from positive and negative points within a conductor. Electricity is widely used for providing power to buildings, electric devices and even some automobiles. A number of individuals are responsible for the development of electricity, but the most notable one is Benjamin Franklin and his flying kite experiment. Franklin was able to determine that lightning was a form of electrical discharge. 

 Type of Electricity:

There are two type of electricity, 1. Static Electricity And 2. Current Electricity. Static electricity is made by rubbing together two or more objects and making friction while current electricity is the flow of electric charge across an electrical field.

1. Static Electricity:  Static electricity is when electrical charge build up on the surface of a material, it is usually caused by rubbing materials together. The result of a build-up of Static electricity is that objects may be attracted to each other or may even cause a spark to jump from one to the other. For example: rub a balloon on a wool and hold it up to the wall.

Before rubbing, like all materials, the balloons and the wool sweater have a neutral charge. This is because they each have an equal number of positively charged subatomic particles (protons) and negatively charge subatomic particles (electrons). When you rub the balloon with the wool sweater, electrons are transferred from the wool to the rubber because of differences in the attraction of the two materials for electrons. The balloon becomes negatively charged because it gains electrons form the wool. and the wool becomes positively charged because it loose electrons.

2. Current Electricity: Current is the rate of flow of electrons. it is produced by moving electrons and it is measured in amperes. Unlike Static electricity, current electricity must flow through a conductor usually copper wire. Current with electricity is just like current when you think of a river. The river flows from one spot to another, and the speed it moves is the speed of the current. With electricity, Current is a measure of the amount of energy transferred over a period of time. That energy is called a flow of electrons. One of the result of current is the heating of the conductor. When an electric stove heats up, it's because of the flow of current.

 
There are different sources of current electricity including the chemical reactions taking place in a battery. The most common source is the Generator. A simple Generator produces electricity when a coil of copper turns inside a magnetic field. In a power plant, electromagnets spinning inside many coils of copper wire generate vast quantities of current electricity. 

There are two main kinds of electric current. 1. Direct Current, (DC) and 2. Alternate Current, (AC). It's easy to remember, Direct Current is like the energy you get from the battery. Alternate Current is like the plugs in the wall. The big difference between the two is that DC is a flow of energy while AC can turn on and off. AC reverses the direction of the electrons.

 

 
 

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Fare well photos of Mr. Sreehari and Mr. Balraj !!

We have been work together almost two years at Al Ghurair Rayhaan and Arjaan by Rotana. You were both very good and friendly Guys. 

We miss you both ! Wish you best of luck for your future !!!

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Painting !!

Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a surface (support base). The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush but other implements, such as knives, sponges and airbrushes can be used.

In art, the term painting describes both the act and the result of the action. Paintings may have for their support such surfaces as walls, paper, canvas, wood, glass, lacquer, clay, leaf, copper or concrete and may incorporate multiple other materials including sand, clay, paper, plaster, gold leaf as well as objects. Painting is a mode of creative expression and the forms are numerous. Drawing, gesture (as in gestural painting), composition, narration (as in narrative art), or abstraction (as in abstract art), among other aesthetic modes, may serve to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner. Paintings can be naturalistic and representational (as in a still life or landscape painting), photographic, abstract, be loaded with narrative (as in expressionism) or be political in nature (as in Activism).

Painting Media:

Different types of paint are usually identified by the medium that the pigment is suspended or embedded in, which determines the general working characteristics of the paint, such as viscosity, miscibility, solubility, drying time etc.

Categories of paints:

1. Oil
2. Pastel
3. Acrylic
4. Watercolor
5. Ink
6. Hot Wax
7. Fresco
8. Gauche
9. Enamel
10. Spray paint
11. Tempera
12. Water miscible oil paint

1. Oil:

Oil Painting is the process of painting with pigments that are bound with a medium of drying oil especially in early modern Europe, linseed oil. Often an oil such as linseed was boiled with a resin such as pine resin or even frankincense: these were called 'varnishes' and were prized for their body and gloss. Oil paint eventually became the principle medium used for creating artworks as its advantages became widely known. The transition began with early Netherlands painting in northern Europe and by the hight of the Renaissance oil painting techniques had almost completely replaced tempera paints in the majority of Europe.

2. Pastel:

Pastel is a painting medium in the form of a stick, consisting of pure powered pigment and a binder. The pigments used in pastels are the same as those used to produce all colored art media, including oil paint. The binder is of a neutral hue and low saturation. The color effect of pastel is closer to the natural dry pigments than that of any other process. Because the surface of the pastel painting is fragile and easily smudged, its preservation requires protective measures such as framing under glass; it may also be sprayed with a fixative. Nonetheless, when made with permanent pigments and properly cared for, a pastel painting may endure unchanged for centuries. Pastels are not susceptible, as are paintings made with a fluid medium, to the cracking and discoloration that result from changes in the color, opacity or dimensions of the medium as it dries.

3. Acrylic:

Acrylic paint is fast drying paint containing pigment suspension in acrylic polymer emulsion. Acrylic paints can be diluted with water, but become water-resistant when dry. Depending on how much the paint is diluted (with water) or modified with acrylic gels, media or pastes, the finished acrylic painting can resemble a watercolor or an oil painting, or have its own unique characteristics not attainable with other media. The main practical difference between most acrylics and oil paints is the inherent drying time.

4. Watercolor:

Watercolor is a painting method in which the paints are made of pigments suspended in a water soluble vehicle. The traditional and most common support for watercolor painting is paper; other supports include papyrus, bark papers, plastics, vellum or leather, fabric, wood and canvas. In east Asia, watercolor painting with inks is referred to as brush painting or scroll painting. In Chinese, Korean, and Japanese painting it has been the dominant medium, often in monochrome black or browns.

5. Ink:

Ink paintings are done with a liquid that contains pigments and or dyes and is used to color a surface to produce an image, text or design. Ink is used for drawing with a pen, brush or quill. Ink can be a complex medium, composed of solvents, dyes, resins, lubricants, solubility, surfactants, particulate matter, and other materials. The component of inks serve many purposes the ink career, colorants and other additives control flow and thickness of the ink and its appearance when dry.

6. Hot Wax:

En-caustic painting, also known as hot wax painting, involves using heated beeswax to which colored pigments are added. The liquid/paste is then applied to a surface usually prepared wood, though canvas and other materials are often used. Metal tools and special brushes can be used to shape the paint before it cools, or heated metal tools can be used to manipulate the wax once it has cooled onto the surface.  

7. Fresco:

Fresco is any of several related mural painting types, done on plaster on walls or ceilings. The word Fresco comes from the Italian word affresco, which derives from the Latin word for fresh. Buon-fresco technique consists of painting in pigment mixed with water on a thin layer of wet, fresh lime mortar or plaster, for which the Italian word for plaster, intonako is used.

8. Gouache:

Gouache is a water based paint consisting of pigment and other materials designed to be used in an opaque painting method. Gouache differs from watercolor in that the particles are larger, the ratio of pigment to water is much higher and an additional, inert, white pigment such as chalk is also present.

9. Enamel:

Enamels are made by painting a substrate, typically metal with fit a type of powdered glass. Minerals called color oxides provide coloration. After firing at a temperature of 750-850 degrees Celsius (1380-1560 degrees Fahrenheit), the result is a fused lamination of glass and metal. Enamels have a traditionally been used for decoration of precious objects, but have also been used for other purposes.

10. Spray Paint:

Aerosol paint also called spray paint is a type of paint that comes in a sealed pressurized container and is released in a fine spray mist when depressing a valve button. A form of spray painting aerosol paint leaves a smooth, evenly coated surface. Standard sized cans are portable, inexpensive and easy to store. Aerosol primer can be applied directly to bare metal and plastics.

11. Tempera:

Tempera also known as egg tempera, is a permanent, fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigment mixed with a water-soluble binder medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk or some other size). Tempera paintings are very long lasting and examples from the first centuries AD still exist. Egg tempera was a primary method of painting until after 1500 when it was superseded by the invention of oil painting. A paint commonly called tempera (though it is not) consisting of pigment and glue size is commonly used and referred to by some manufacturers in America as poster paint.

12. Water Miscible oil paint:

Water miscible oil paints also called 'water soluble' or 'water-mixable' is a modern variety of oil paint engineered to be thinned and cleaned up with water, rather than having to use chemicals such as turpentine. It can be mixed and applied using the same techniques as traditional oil-based paint but while still wet it can be effectively removed from brushes, palettes and rags with ordinary soap and water. Its water solubility comes from the use of an oil medium in which one end of the molecule has been altered to bind loosely to water molecules, as in a solution.

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